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However, like anything mechanical, there are times when even the most reliable machine has to be serviced and maintained thus taken out of pservice for much needed, or even critical maintenance or repairs. The same with pipelines. When you take a pipeline out of service for any length of time, there are consumers and producers (sellers) who bear the financial impact and the inconvenience of it all. Plugging a section of the pipeline, to isolate a particular section, is a way to shorten the downtime of the overall pipeline and also shortening the recommissioning time significantly. Turning the pipeline off The […]

1. Introduction 1.1 Pipeline Maintenance, Upgrade and Repair Options Maintenance, emergency repairs, and upgrades form a significant part of any pipeline and plant operations. These include, inter alia [1]: These two methods are briefly described as: Shutdown A shutdown halts production in the pipelines temporarily to enable the safe execution of the work on a pipeline without it being live. While a shutdown allows the safe access needed to perform the needed maintenance and repairs, it has obvious cost implications with the loss of production throughput.Some of these associated costs with a shutdown are:Loss of revenue (while the system is

1. Introduction and Background Pipelines are the most cost-effective and environment-friendly mode of hydrocarbon fuel transportation, if and when operated under prudential industry practices or standards. Starting from wellheads, high-pressure steel pipelines handle multiphase fluids, slurry, crude, condensate, and raw natural gas. While on the downstream side, they deliver petroleum products and pipeline quality gas to consumption points. This article discusses onshore pipelines, which constitute the overwhelming majority of world pipeline installations. The focus of this paper is on the repair of pipeline defects that require repair/reinforcement against failure due to circumferential stresses. 1.1 1.1 Major Causes of Pipeline Damage